“The results have been remarkably consistent. When it comes
to lie detection, the public might as well simply toss a coin. It doesn’t
matter whether you are male or female, young or old, few people are able to
detect deception with any degree of reliability.”
Quirkology, Richard Wiseman
I’ve never accepted---nay, I’ve resented the common sense understanding that “Liars can be spotted
by their lack of eye contact or their nervous body language, mannerisms and/or
posture”. While I don’t want to make
this into a case of “I knew it all along” I have to say in this particular
area, I’ve always questioned this notion. Thankfully, the studies reveal that
body language and lack of eye contact are NOT strategies that a typical liar
will resort to or employ subconsciously.
In his book Quirkology, author Richard Wiseman highlights a
study conducted by Psychologist Charles Bond.
Bond wanted to find out why so many people tend to inaccurately predict
when someone is lying by determining what the typical person thinks of as the
best strategy of how to detect a lie. So,
what does the average person think of as the best way to “detect lies”?
“He asked thousands of
people from more than sixty countries to describe how they go about telling
whether someone is lying. People’s answers are remarkably consistent. From
Algeria to Argentina, Germany to Ghana, Pakistan to Paraguay, almost everyone
thinks that liars tend to avert their eyes, nervously wave their hands around
and shift about in their seats.”
In fact, when examining the liars in the study, it was found“…liars are just as likely to look you in
the eye as truth-tellers, they don’t move their hands around nervously and they
don’t shift in their seats (if anything, they are a little more static than
truth-tellers).”
Bond’s conclusion is that most people are unable to
distinguish lies from truths because they base their criteria for duplicity on
behaviors that are not associated with real deception.
How, then, does one spot a liar? Bond suggests that there is
actually a language of lying. Anyone can control their body language
and their quantity of eye contact; what is more difficult to control Bond says,
is “the words we use and how we use them.”
“Liars often distance
themselves psychologically from their falsehoods, and so they tend to include
FEWER references to themselves and their feelings and their stories."
Lies tend to be SHORTER and LESS DETAILED than truths. If
you are lying, you are more likely to incriminate yourself if you add too many
details and speak on and on about your story. While liars tend to speak
BRIEFLY and are less detailed in their descriptions, they do tend to memorize
certain necessary (non-random) details to maintain their lies—details that
non-liars wouldn’t bother memorizing.
"The most reliable
signs of lying are in people’s voices and in their unconscious choices of
language: THE LACK OF KEY DETAILS in their descriptions, the increase in pauses
and hesitations and avoiding the use of the word “I."
Cognitive Load?
Another interesting facet of lying involves the nature of cognitive load. In the book “The Folly of Fools” author
Robert Trivers posits that cognitive load is the most important variable
playing a role in deception.
What is meant by cognitive load? In the activity of lying, the brain must
consciously attend to many important operations at once. This takes a considerable amount of effort. Think
about it, to lie successfully you must be able to suggest a plausible
alternative to the actual truth, speak in a tone and manner that convinces the
other person, remember certain important details of your story as it unfolds,
say things that do not contradict information that the listener is aware of and
you must have your story memorized to recall when the need arises.
What about blinking
and nervousness?
Triver’s mentions another study regarding blinking and its
response to cognitive load when one is deceiving another: “Recent studies of
deception suggest that we blink less when
we are deceiving—cognitive load rules.
Also, contrary to usual expectation, people fidget less in deceptive situations. While someone is nervous they will
fidget more, but cognitive load has the opposite effect. ”
In other words, since
the brain has so much more to attend to while lying, there is less effort put
out to perform the actions of blinking and feeling nervous. Nervous energy
often comes from undirected “extra energy” that one has. When you are concentrating,
that extra energy is focused towards the activity at hand (i.e. lying) instead
of transpiring into nervous behaviors.
My personal “take-home” lesson from these books on
spotting liars.
1. Look for brevity in their response—an
avoidance to elaborate on the subject being questioned about (liars would rather
change the subject—people telling the truth don’t have a problem discussing the
issue at hand and the more words they use won’t increase the chances of
contradictions or incoherencies in their story).
2. Look for fewer details in their
descriptions
3. Look for fewer
self references—liars tend to avoid the use of the word “I”
4. Look at the
particular kind of language (and lack thereof), and language pattern that the
person chooses most always trumps their particular body language and quantity
of eye contact.
5. Liars blink
LESS often while deceiving.
Books I refer to in
blog post:
Book: Quirkology, 2007
Author: Richard
Wiseman, PhD—Professor of Public Understanding of Psychology at the University
of Hertfordshire
Chapter: Trust
Everyone but Always Cut the Cards (discussing lying)
Page: Starting
at 57
Book: The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life,
2011
Author: Robert
Trivers, professor of Anthropology and Biological Sciences at Rutgers
University, Winner of Crafoord Prize
Chapter: The
Evolutionary Logic of Self Deception
Page: 11
Also, please read “Lying” by Sam Harris. Fantastic
read!
